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Similar syntax in both figurer languages

This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the column "Included in C", states whether an operator is besides present in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading.

When not overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), at that place is a sequence point after the evaluation of the get-go operand.

C++ also contains the type conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast. The formatting of these operators means that their precedence level is unimportant.

Most of the operators available in C and C++ are too bachelor in other C-family languages such as C#, D, Java, Perl, and PHP with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics.

Table [edit]

For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c represent valid values (literals, values from variables, or render value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate. R, S and T stand up for whatsoever blazon(southward), and K for a class type or enumerated blazon.

Arithmetic operators [edit]

All arithmetic operators exist in C and C++ and tin can be overloaded in C++.

Operator proper noun		Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator proper noun		Syntax	As fellow member of Chiliad	Outside class definitions
Add-on		`a + b`	`R K :: operator + ( S b );`	`R operator + ( M a , South b );`
Subtraction		`a - b`	`R K :: operator - ( Due south b );`	`R operator - ( K a , Southward b );`
Unary plus (integer promotion)		`+a`	`R K :: operator + ();`	`R operator + ( K a );`
Unary minus (additive changed)		`-a`	`R K :: operator - ();`	`R operator - ( K a );`
Multiplication		`a * b`	`R 1000 :: operator * ( S b );`	`R operator * ( 1000 a , S b );`
Division		`a / b`	`R K :: operator / ( South b );`	`R operator / ( Chiliad a , Due south b );`
Modulo (integer remainder)^[a]		`a % b`	`R K :: operator % ( S b );`	`R operator % ( K a , S b );`
Increment	Prefix	`++a`	`R & One thousand :: operator ++ ();`	`R & operator ++ ( Grand & a );`
	Postfix	`a++`	`R K :: operator ++ ( int );`	`R operator ++ ( Chiliad & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a++`	Notation: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate betwixt prefix and postfix increment operators.
Decrement	Prefix	`--a`	`R & One thousand :: operator -- ();`	`R & operator -- ( Thousand & a );`
	Postfix	`a--`	`R K :: operator -- ( int );`	`R operator -- ( Thou & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a--`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate betwixt prefix and postfix decrement operators.

Comparison operators/relational operators [edit]

All comparison operators can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	Prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	As member of Yard	Exterior class definitions
Equal to	`a == b`	Yes	`bool K :: operator == ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator == ( Grand const & a , S const & b );
Non equal to	`a != b` `a not_eq b` ^[b]	Yeah	`bool K :: operator != ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator != ( K const & a , S const & b );
Greater than	`a > b`	Yep	`bool Thou :: operator > ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator > ( Yard const & a , Southward const & b );
Less than	`a < b`	Yes	`bool Thousand :: operator < ( South const & b ) const ;`	bool operator < ( One thousand const & a , S const & b );
Greater than or equal to	`a >= b`	Yes	`bool Thousand :: operator >= ( South const & b ) const ;`	bool operator >= ( Chiliad const & a , Due south const & b );
Less than or equal to	`a <= b`	Yeah	`bool K :: operator <= ( Due south const & b ) const ;`	bool operator <= ( K const & a , S const & b );
Three-manner comparison^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	`auto K :: operator <=> ( const South & b );`	motorcar operator <=> ( const K & a , const South & b );
Three-manner comparison^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	The operator has a full of three possible return types: `std::weak_ordering`, `std::strong_ordering` and `std::partial_ordering` to which they all are convertible to.

Logical operators [edit]

All logical operators exist in C and C++ and tin be overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, because as overloaded operators they behave as ordinary function calls, which ways that both of their operands are evaluated, so they lose their well-used and expected short-circuit evaluation property.^[1]

Operator name	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Equally fellow member of One thousand	Outside class definitions
Logical negation (Non)	`!a` `not a` ^[b]	`bool Chiliad :: operator ! ();`	`bool operator ! ( K a );`
Logical AND	`a && b` `a and b` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator && ( S b );`	`bool operator && ( Thousand a , S b );`
Logical OR	`a \|\| b` `a or b` ^[b]	`bool M :: operator \|\| ( Southward b );`	`bool operator \|\| ( K a , S b );`

Bitwise operators [edit]

All bitwise operators exist in C and C++ and can exist overloaded in C++.

Operator name	Syntax	Paradigm examples
Operator name	Syntax	Equally member of K	Outside class definitions
Bitwise NOT	`~a` `compl a` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ~ ();`	`R operator ~ ( K a );`
Bitwise AND	`a & b` `a bitand b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator & ( S b );`	`R operator & ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise OR	`a \| b` `a bitor b` ^[b]	`R Thou :: operator \| ( S b );`	`R operator \| ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b` `a xor b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ^ ( S b );`	`R operator ^ ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise left shift^[d]	`a << b`	`R K :: operator << ( S b );`	`R operator << ( K a , Southward b );`
Bitwise right shift^[d] ^[east]	`a >> b`	`R K :: operator >> ( S b );`	`R operator >> ( K a , S b );`

Consignment operators [edit]

All assignment expressions exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.

For the given operators the semantic of the congenital-in combined assignment expression a ⊚= b is equivalent to a = a ⊚ b, except that a is evaluated merely once.

Operator proper noun	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	As member of G	Outside class definitions
Direct assignment	`a = b`	`R & 1000 :: operator = ( S b );`	N/A
Add-on assignment	`a += b`	`R & K :: operator += ( S b );`	`R & operator += ( K & a , South b );`
Subtraction consignment	`a -= b`	`R & K :: operator -= ( South b );`	`R & operator -= ( Thousand & a , South b );`
Multiplication assignment	`a *= b`	`R & K :: operator *= ( S b );`	`R & operator *= ( Thousand & a , Due south b );`
Division assignment	`a /= b`	`R & G :: operator /= ( S b );`	`R & operator /= ( K & a , Due south b );`
Modulo assignment	`a %= b`	`R & K :: operator %= ( S b );`	`R & operator %= ( K & a , South b );`
Bitwise AND assignment	`a &= b` `a and_eq b` ^[b]	`R & Grand :: operator &= ( S b );`	`R & operator &= ( Thou & a , S b );`
Bitwise OR assignment	`a \|= b` `a or_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator \|= ( S b );`	`R & operator \|= ( One thousand & a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR assignment	`a ^= b` `a xor_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator ^= ( Due south b );`	`R & operator ^= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise left shift consignment	`a <<= b`	`R & K :: operator <<= ( S b );`	`R & operator <<= ( Chiliad & a , Due south b );`
Bitwise right shift assignment^[e]	`a >>= b`	`R & K :: operator >>= ( S b );`	`R & operator >>= ( Thousand & a , Southward b );`

Member and pointer operators [edit]

Operator proper name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	C++ prototype examples
Operator proper name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	As fellow member of G	Outside grade definitions
Subscript	`a[b]`	Yes	Yes	`R & K :: operator []( S b );`	N/A
Indirection ("object pointed to by a")	`*a`	Aye	Yes	`R & K :: operator * ();`	`R & operator * ( K a );`
Address-of ("accost of a")	`&a`	Yes	Aye	`R * Chiliad :: operator & ();`	`R * operator & ( One thousand a );`
Structure dereference ("member b of object pointed to past a")	`a->b`	Yes	Yes	`R * K :: operator -> ();` ^[f]	N/A
Construction reference ("member b of object a")	`a.b`	No	Yes	N/A
Fellow member selected past arrow-to-member b of object pointed to by a ^[m]	`a->*b`	Yeah	No	`R & K :: operator ->* ( South b );`	`R & operator ->* ( K a , Southward b );`
Member of object a selected by pointer-to-fellow member b	`a.*b`	No	No	N/A

Other operators [edit]

Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	Prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	Equally member of K	Outside grade definitions
Part call Meet Function object.	`a(a1, a2)`	Yeah	Aye	`R K::operator ()( S a , T b , ...);`	N/A
Comma	`a, b`	Yes	Yeah	`R Thousand :: operator ,( South b );`	`R operator ,( Thousand a , S b );`
Ternary provisional	`a ? b : c`	No	Yes	N/A
Scope resolution	`a::b`	No	No	N/A
User-defined literals^[h] since C++xi	`"a"_b`	Yes	No	N/A	`R operator "" _b ( T a )`
Sizeof	`sizeof(a)` ^[i] `sizeof(blazon)`	No	Yes	North/A
Size of parameter pack since C++11	`sizeof...(Args)`	No	No	N/A
Alignof since C++11	`alignof(type)` or `_Alignof(type)` ^[j]	No	Yes	Northward/A
Type identification	`typeid(a)` `typeid(type)`	No	No	Northward/A
Conversion (C-style cast)	`(type)a`	Yeah	Yeah	`K :: operator R ();` ^[3]	N/A
Conversion	`type(a)`	No	No	Notation: behaves like const_cast/static_cast/reinterpret_cast^[4]
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<blazon>(a)`	Yes	No	`1000 :: operator R ();` `explicit K :: operator R ();` since C++11	N/A
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<blazon>(a)`	Yes	No	Note: for user-defined conversions, the return type implicitly and necessarily matches the operator name.
dynamic cast conversion	`dynamic_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	Due north/A
const_cast conversion	`const_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
reinterpret_cast conversion	`reinterpret_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
Allocate storage	`new type`	Yeah	No	`void * K :: operator new ( size_t ten );`	`void * operator new ( size_t x );`
Classify storage (assortment)	`new blazon [n]`	Yes	No	`void * One thousand :: operator new []( size_t a );`	`void * operator new []( size_t a );`
Deallocate storage	`delete a`	Yes	No	`void K :: operator delete ( void * a );`	`void operator delete ( void * a );`
Deallocate storage (assortment)	`delete[] a`	Yes	No	`void 1000 :: operator delete []( void * a );`	`void operator delete []( void * a );`
Exception check since C++xi	`noexcept(a)`	No	No	N/A

Notes:

^ The modulus operator works simply with integer operands, for floating point numbers a library office must exist used instead (similar fmod ).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Requires iso646.h in C. Run across C++ operator synonyms
^ Almost C++twenty three-style comparison
^ ^a ^b In the context of iostreams, writers oftentimes will refer to << and >> equally the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "get-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively.
^ ^a ^b According to the C99 standard, the correct shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, eastward.chiliad., the GCC,^[2] utilise an arithmetics shift (i.eastward., sign extension), but a logical shift is possible.
^ The render type of operator -> () must exist a type for which the -> operation can be practical, such as a pointer type. If x is of blazon C where C overloads operator -> () , x -> y gets expanded to x . operator -> () -> y .
^ Meyers, Scott (October 1999), "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" (PDF), Dr. Dobb'due south Journal, Aristeia .
^ Nearly C++eleven User-defined literals
^ The parentheses are non necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a type. However, they are usually used regardless.
^ C++ defines alignof operator, whereas C defines _Alignof. Both operators have the same semantics.

Operator precedence [edit]

The following is a table that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages. Operators are listed elevation to bottom, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of the grouping of operators and operands. Considering an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be grouped prior to whatsoever operator that is listed on a row further below it. Operators that are in the same cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are grouped with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator's precedence is unaffected by overloading.

The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified by a phrase construction grammar.^[5] The table given hither has been inferred from the grammar.^{[ citation needed ]} For the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.5.vi note 71 states that the C grammar provided by the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and besides states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammar closely follows the specification's section ordering:

"The [C] syntax [i.e., grammar] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the aforementioned as the social club of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence beginning."^[6]

A precedence table, while mostly acceptable, cannot resolve a few details. In detail, note that the ternary operator allows whatsoever capricious expression as its center operand, despite being listed equally having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b, c : d is interpreted every bit a ? (b, c) : d, and not every bit the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d). And then, the expression in the eye of the conditional operator (betwixt ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, note that the immediate, unparenthesized result of a C bandage expression cannot be the operand of sizeof. Therefore, sizeof (int) * x is interpreted as (sizeof(int)) * ten and non sizeof ((int) * x).

Precedence	Operator	Description	Associativity
1 highest	`::`	Scope resolution (C++ but)	None
2	`++`	Postfix increment	Left-to-right
	`--`	Postfix decrement
	`()`	Part telephone call
	`[]`	Assortment subscripting
	`.`	Chemical element pick by reference
	`->`	Element selection through pointer
	`typeid()`	Run-time type data (C++ only) (come across typeid)
	`const_cast`	Type bandage (C++ only) (run into const_cast)
	`dynamic_cast`	Type cast (C++ but) (see dynamic cast)
	`reinterpret_cast`	Blazon bandage (C++ only) (see reinterpret_cast)
	`static_cast`	Type cast (C++ just) (see static_cast)
3	`++`	Prefix increment	Correct-to-left
	`--`	Prefix decrement
	`+`	Unary plus
	`-`	Unary minus
	`!`	Logical NOT
	`~`	Bitwise NOT (1'southward Complement)
	`(type)`	Type cast
	`*`	Indirection (dereference)
	`&`	Address-of
	`sizeof`	Sizeof
	`_Alignof`	Alignment requirement (since C11)
	`new`, `new[]`	Dynamic memory resource allotment (C++ but)
	`delete`, `delete[]`	Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ merely)
4	`.*`	Arrow to member (C++ only)	Left-to-right
4	`->*`	Arrow to member (C++ only)	Left-to-right
5	`*`	Multiplication	Left-to-right
	`/`	Division
	`%`	Modulo (remainder)
half-dozen	`+`	Addition	Left-to-right
half-dozen	`-`	Subtraction	Left-to-right
seven	`<<`	Bitwise left shift	Left-to-right
seven	`>>`	Bitwise correct shift	Left-to-right
8	`<=>`	Three-manner comparison (Introduced in C++20 - C++ merely)	Left-to-right
9	`<`	Less than	Left-to-right
	`<=`	Less than or equal to
	`>`	Greater than
	`>=`	Greater than or equal to
10	`==`	Equal to	Left-to-right
10	`!=`	Not equal to	Left-to-right
11	`&`	Bitwise AND	Left-to-right
12	`^`	Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)	Left-to-right
13	`\|`	Bitwise OR (inclusive or)	Left-to-right
14	`&&`	Logical AND	Left-to-right
fifteen	`\|\|`	Logical OR	Left-to-right
sixteen	`?:`	Ternary conditional (encounter ?:)	Right-to-left
	`=`	Direct assignment
	`+=`	Assignment by sum
	`-=`	Consignment by difference
	`*=`	Assignment by production
	`/=`	Consignment by quotient
	`%=`	Assignment by remainder
	`<<=`	Assignment by bitwise left shift
	`>>=`	Assignment by bitwise right shift
	`&=`	Assignment by bitwise AND
	`^=`	Consignment past bitwise XOR
	`\|=`	Assignment by bitwise OR
	`throw`	Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ simply)
17 lowest	`,`	Comma	Left-to-right

^[seven] ^[8] ^[9]

Notes [edit]

The precedence table determines the club of binding in chained expressions, when it is not expressly specified past parentheses.

For example, ++x*3 is ambiguous without some precedence rule(s). The precedence table tells usa that: x is 'bound' more tightly to ++ than to *, and then that whatever ++ does (at present or later—meet below), information technology does it Only to x (and not to x*3); it is equivalent to (++x, x*3).
Similarly, with iii*x++, where though the post-fix ++ is designed to human action Subsequently the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence table makes it clear that But x gets incremented (and NOT 3*x). In fact, the expression (tmp=x++, 3*tmp) is evaluated with tmp being a temporary value. Information technology is functionally equivalent to something like (tmp=3*x, ++x, tmp).

Abstracting the consequence of precedence or binding, consider the diagram to a higher place for the expression 3+2*y[i]++. The compiler'southward chore is to resolve the diagram into an expression, one in which several unary operators (call them 3+( . ), ii*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ]) are competing to bind to y. The social club of precedence table resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )[ i ] acts just on y, ( . )++ acts only on y[i], two*( . ) acts only on y[i]++ and iii+( . ) acts 'only' on 2*((y[i])++). It is of import to note that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence table but WHEN each operator acts is not resolved by the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts simply on y[i] past the precedence rules just binding levels alone do not indicate the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts only after y[i] is evaluated in the expression).

Many of the operators containing multi-graphic symbol sequences are given "names" congenital from the operator name of each character. For case, += and -= are often called plus equal(southward) and minus equal(due south), instead of the more verbose "assignment by addition" and "assignment past subtraction". The bounden of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the corresponding Standards) by a factored language grammer, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    provisional            -            expression

while in C++ it is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    assignment            -            expression

Hence, the expression:

is parsed differently in the 2 languages. In C, this expression is a syntax fault, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is:

                        unary            -            expression                                    '='                                    consignment            -            expression

In C++, it is parsed as:

                        e                                    =                                    (            a                                    <                                    d                                    ?                                    a            ++                                    :                                    (            a                                    =                                    d            ))

which is a valid expression.^[10] ^[11]

If y'all want to use comma-as-operator inside a single function statement, variable assignment, or other comma-separated list, you lot need to use parentheses,^[12] ^[13] eastward.thou.:

                        int                                    a                                    =                                    i            ,                                    b                                    =                                    two            ,                                    weirdVariable                                    =                                    (            ++            a            ,                                    b            ),                                    d                                    =                                    four            ;

Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence [edit]

The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.^[14] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetics operators like * and +.

The expression a & b == 7 is syntactically parsed as a & ( b == 7 ) whereas the expression a + b == 7 is parsed every bit ( a + b ) == seven . This requires parentheses to be used more often than they otherwise would.

Historically, there was no syntactic stardom betwixt the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL, B and early C, the operators && || didn't be. Instead & | had dissimilar meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in if ( a == b & c ) {...} it behaved as a logical operator, but in c = a & b it behaved as a bitwise one). It was retained then every bit to keep backward compatibility with existing installations.^[15]

Moreover, in C++ (and after versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the iii-mode comparison operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single chip (1 or 0) and as such exercise not properly belong in "bitwise" operations.

C++ operator synonyms [edit]

C++ defines^[sixteen] certain keywords to act as aliases for a number of operators:

Keyword	Operator
`and`	`&&`
`and_eq`	`&=`
`bitand`	`&`
`bitor`	`\|`
`compl`	`~`
`not`	`!`
`not_eq`	`!=`
`or`	`\|\|`
`or_eq`	`\|=`
`xor`	`^`
`xor_eq`	`^=`

These can be used exactly the same way as the punctuation symbols they supersede, equally they are not the aforementioned operator under a unlike name, merely rather simple token replacements for the proper name (character string) of the respective operator. This means that the expressions (a > 0 and not flag) and (a > 0 && !flag) have identical meanings. Information technology besides means that, for example, the bitand keyword may be used to replace non only the bitwise-and operator just also the accost-of operator, and it can even be used to specify reference types (e.g., int bitand ref = north). The ISO C specification makes assart for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h. For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header ciso646, the inclusion of which has no effect.

Meet also [edit]

Bitwise operations in C
Bit manipulation
Logical operator
Boolean algebra (logic)
Table of logic symbols
Digraphs and trigraphs in C and in C++

References [edit]

^ "Standard C++".
^ "Integers implementation", GCC iv.3.3, GNU .
^ "user-defined conversion". Retrieved five Apr 2020.
^ Explicit blazon conversion in C++
^ ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C. open-std.org – The C Standards Committee. 19 Dec 2011. p. 465.
^ the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.5.vi notation 71 (Technical report). ISO. 1999.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C++ Built-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity". docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "C++ Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ "Does the C/C++ ternary operator really have the same precedence equally consignment operators?". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Other operators - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved x April 2020.
^ "c++ - How does the Comma Operator piece of work". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ C history § Neonatal C, Bell labs .
^ "Re^ten: adjacent unless condition". www.perlmonks.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming Linguistic communication C++. open-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. 1 September 1998. pp. 40–41.

External links [edit]

"Operators", C++ reference (wiki) .
C Operator Precedence
Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and -- (Developer network), Microsoft .

richardsonshance.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B